ALL ABOUT B-H RELATIONSHIP (MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC)

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In free space (also nonmagnetic materials), the permeability m0 is constant so that B-H relationship is linear.
This, however, is not the case with ferromagnetic materials used in electric machines, wherein the B-H
relationship is strictly nonlinear in two respects—
saturation and hysteresis. Hysteresis non-linearity
is the double valued B-H relationship exhibited in
cyclic variation of H (i.e. exciting current). This
nonlinearity is usually ignored in magnetic circuit
calculations and is important only when current
wave shape and power loss are to be accounted
for. This is discussed in Sections 2.3 and 2.6. A
typical normal B-H relationship (magnetization
characteristic) for ferromagnetic materials is shown
It has an initial nonlinear zone, a middle
almost linear zone and a final saturation zone in
which B progressively increases less rapidly with H
compared to the linear zone. In the deep saturation
zone, the material behaves like free space.
Due to considerations dictated by economy, electric machines and transformers are designed such that
the magnetic material is slightly saturated (i.e. somewhat above the linear zone). In exact magnetic circuit
calculations the nonlinear magnetization curve has to be used necessitating graphical/numerical solutions.

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